Converting WAV files with Sox

Source file:

soxi short-borrowed-old.wav
Input File     : 'short-borrowed-old.wav' (flac)
Channels       : 2
Sample Rate    : 44100
Precision      : 16-bit
Duration       : 00:00:00.60 = 26460 samples = 45 CDDA sectors
File Size      : 54.0k
Bit Rate       : 720k
Sample Encoding: 16-bit FLAC
Comment        : 'Comment=Processed by SoX'
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Throwing an exception from a function parameter in C++

There is no difference between lines 82 and 92 in the code below with both MSVC2022 and GCC11:

#include <utility>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <iostream>

struct Object
{
    virtual const char* name() = 0;

    virtual ~Object() = default;
};

struct A : public Object
{
    const char* name() override
    {
        return "A";
    }
};
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The rule of three/five/zero in C++

Using std::shared_ptr in QML

QT is developed by an alien civilization that hate humans. They can’t make std::shared_ptr work in QML since 2014:

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static_cast can’t convert from a virtual base class in C++

It converts only from non-virtual base class subobject:

struct B
{
    virtual ~B() {};
};

struct D : public virtual B { };

int main()
{
    D d;
    B& br1 = d;

    // cannot convert a 'B*' to a 'D*'; conversion from a virtual base class is implied
    // static_cast<D&>(br1); 

    dynamic_cast<D&>(br1);

    return 0;
}

Storage duration and linkage in C++

In the vernacular they say stack and heap, but the standard call this automatic and dynamic:

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QT signal performance significantly degrades when the number of the connections grow.

In my previous post I compared the performance of a single QT connection with the performance of a notification mechanism based on virtual functions.

In this post I’ll demonstrate how the performance of QT signals degrade when the number of the connections grow. Briefly saying a QT signal becomes 57 times slower than a virtual function.

Below I described my experimentations and provided the full source code.

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QT signal is ten times slower than a virtual function

I defined a QT Object that contains an integer value and uses QT signal along with awl::Observable based on virtual functions to notify the subscribers when the value changes:

#include "Awl/Observable.h"

#include <QObject>

namespace test
{
    class NotifyValueChanged
    {
    public:

        virtual void onValueChanged() = 0;
    };
    
    class ValueObject : 
        public QObject,
        public awl::Observable<NotifyValueChanged>
    {
        Q_OBJECT

    public:

        Q_PROPERTY(int value READ value WRITE setValue NOTIFY valueChanged)

        void notifyValueChanged()
        {
            Notify(&NotifyValueChanged::onValueChanged);
        }

    signals:

        void valueChanged();

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How we use forwarding references with ranges in C++

The parameter or print function is a forwarding reference because the range can change while being iterated, but the current value is l-value reference:

#include &lt;string&gt;
#include &lt;vector&gt;
#include &lt;ranges&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;

template &lt;class R, class Value&gt;
concept range_over = std::ranges::range&lt;R&gt; &amp;&amp;
    std::same_as&lt;std::ranges::range_value_t&lt;R&gt;, Value&gt;;

template &lt;range_over&lt;std::string&gt; Range&gt;
void print(Range&amp;&amp; range)
{
    for (const std::string&amp; val : range)
    {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; val &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    }
}
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Value category is a property of an expression in C++ or std::forward explained

The code below prints l-value:

#include <iostream>

namespace
{
    void foo(const int&)
    {
        std::cout << "const l-value" << std::endl;
    }

    void foo(int&)
    {
        std::cout << "l-value" << std::endl;
    }

    void foo(int&&)
    {
        std::cout << "r-value" << std::endl;
    }
}
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